Soil formation process involves several things:
1. The addition of material from other places to land for example:
a. Addition rain, dew and others
b. The addition of O2 and CO2 from the atmosphere
c. The addition of N, Cl, S of atmospheric and rainfall
d. The addition of organic matter from crop residues and animal
e. materials deposition
f. Sunlight energy
2. Loss of materials that exist on the ground:
a. Water loss through evaporation (evapotranspiration)
b. N losses through denitrification
c. Loss of C (organic matter) as CO2 due to decomposition of organic matter
d. Loss of soil due to erosion
e. Energy loss due to radiation
3. Changes in form (transformation):
a. Changes in coarse organic matter into humus
b. Destruction of sand into dust then becomes clay
c. The formation of soil structure
d. Mineral weathering and clay mineral formation
e. concretion formation
4. Removal of the solum:
a. Transfer of clay, organic matter, Fe, Al from the top layer to the bottom layer
b. The transfer of nutrients from the bottom layer to the upper layer through the activity cycle of vegetation
c. The transfer of land from bottom layer to top layer or vice versa through animals such as mice, termites, etc.
d. Removal of salts from bottom layer to top layer through capillary water
Some examples of the process of soil formation
1. The addition of material from other places to land for example:
a. Addition rain, dew and others
b. The addition of O2 and CO2 from the atmosphere
c. The addition of N, Cl, S of atmospheric and rainfall
d. The addition of organic matter from crop residues and animal
e. materials deposition
f. Sunlight energy
2. Loss of materials that exist on the ground:
a. Water loss through evaporation (evapotranspiration)
b. N losses through denitrification
c. Loss of C (organic matter) as CO2 due to decomposition of organic matter
d. Loss of soil due to erosion
e. Energy loss due to radiation
3. Changes in form (transformation):
a. Changes in coarse organic matter into humus
b. Destruction of sand into dust then becomes clay
c. The formation of soil structure
d. Mineral weathering and clay mineral formation
e. concretion formation
4. Removal of the solum:
a. Transfer of clay, organic matter, Fe, Al from the top layer to the bottom layer
b. The transfer of nutrients from the bottom layer to the upper layer through the activity cycle of vegetation
c. The transfer of land from bottom layer to top layer or vice versa through animals such as mice, termites, etc.
d. Removal of salts from bottom layer to top layer through capillary water
Some examples of the process of soil formation
No
|
Proses
|
Arti
|
Ket*
|
1
|
Eluviasi
|
Removal of soil material from the horizon to another horizon
|
4
|
Iluviasi
|
Backfilling soil materials in a horizon
|
4
| |
2
|
Leaching
|
Leaching of bases (nutrients) from the soil
|
2
|
Enrichment
|
The addition of bases (nutrients) from elsewhere
|
1
| |
3
|
Dekalsifikasi
|
CaCO3 removal of soil or soil horizon
|
4
|
Kalsifikasi
|
CaCO3 stockpiling of soil or soil horizon
|
4
| |
4
|
Desalinisasi
|
Pemindahan garam-garam mudah larut dari tanah atau suatu horizon tanah
|
4
|
Salinisasi
|
Removal of soluble salts from the soil or a soil horizon
|
4
| |
5
|
Dealkalinisasi
(solodisasi)
|
Na ions leaching from soil or soil horizon
| |
Alkalinisasi
|
Hoarding Na ions from soil or soil horizon
| ||
6
|
Lessivage
|
Laundering (removal) view of the horizon to horizon in the form of suspension (mechanically). Can be formed Ultisol (Podzolik) or Alfisol
|
4
|
Pedoturbasi
|
Physical or biological mixing some soil horizon so horizons of soil that has been formed to be lost. Occurred on Vertisol soil (Grumusol)
|
4
|
7
|
Podzolisasi
(Silikasi)
|
Al and Fe removal and or organic material from a horizon to horizon another chemically. The not participate washed so that the increased concentration leached horizon. Can be formed on the ground Spodosol (Podzol)
|
3,4
|
Desilikasi
(ferralisasi, laterisasi, latosolisasi)
|
Removal of silica is chemically out of the soil solum that the concentration of Fe and Al increased relatively. Occurs in tropical regions where rainfall and high temperatures so that Si soluble. Can form Oksisol soil (laterite, Latosol)
|
3,4
| |
8
|
Melanisasi
|
The formation of black (dark) on the ground because of mixing organic matter with minerals. Can form ground Mollisol
|
1,4
|
Leusinisasi
|
Pale horizon formation leaching of organic materials
|
4
| |
9
|
Braunifikasi, Rubifikasi, Feruginasi
|
The release of iron from the primary mineral and dispersion of iron oxide particles are increased. Based on the amount of oxidation and hydration of iron oxide, it can be brown (braunifikasi), sorrel (rubifikasi) or red (feruginasi)
|
3,4
|
Gleisasi
|
Iron reduction due to anaerobic state (under water) to form a bluish or gray-green color
|
3,4
| |
10
|
Littering
|
Accumulation of organic matter is less than 30 cm thick on the surface of the mineral soil
|
1
|
11
|
Humifikasi
|
Changes in coarse organic matter into humus
|
3
|