Factors Contributing to the Flora and Fauna Diversity in Indonesia
Diversity of flora and fauna in the region can not be separated from the support conditions in the region. There are herbs that can only be grown in tropical areas, where a lot of rainfall and sunshine, and there can only be grown in the cold and damp. We certainly never saw Meranti or tropical orchids in cold areas in the tundra. Support the condition of a region of the existence of flora and fauna in the form of physical factors (biotic) and non-physical factors (biotic) .The including physical factors (abiotic) is the climate (temperature, humidity, wind), water, soil, and altitude, and that includes non-physical factors (biotic) are humans, animals, and plants.
a. climate
Climatic factors including the state of temperature, humidity and wind very large influence on the life of every creature in the world. Air temperature factors affect the ongoing process of physical growth of plants. Sunlight is necessary for green plants for photosynthesis. Air humidity influenced the physical growth of plants. While useful for wind pollination process. Climatic factors vary in a region causes and animal species also differ .. Plants in the tropics, many species, always lush and green throughout the year due to capitalize the high rainfall and ample sunshine.
b. ground
Soil contains many chemical elements necessary for the growth of flora in the world. Chemical levels affect the level of soil fertility. The state of the soil structure affect the circulation of air in the soil allowing the plant roots can breathe properly. The state of the soil texture effect on soil against water absorption. Soil temperature effect on root growth and water conditions in the soil.
The composition of the soil generally consists of inorganic mineral material (70% -90%), organic matter (1% -15%), air and water (0-9%). The things above shows how important soil factor for plant growth. The different types of soil lead to differences in the type and diversity of plants that can live in a region. For example in Nusa Tenggara forest types are Sabana because the soil infertile.
c. water
Water plays an important role for the growth of plants because it can dissolve and bring the necessary food for the plants from the soil. The presence of water depends on rainfall and rainfall is highly dependent on the climate in the area concerned. Species of flora in the region is very influential on the amount of rainfall in the region. Flora / fauna in areas that are less rainfall is less than tumbuhannya diversity of flora / fauna in the area are much rainfall.
d. The level of the earth's surface
Factors elevational generally seen from the height of the sea surface (elevation). For example, altitude 1500 m means the venue is located at 1500 m above sea level. The higher the temperature gets colder areas in the region. Vice versa when the lower mean air temperature in the hotter regions. Every rose 100 meters average air temperature dropped about 0.5 degrees Celsius. So the lower the hotter region of the area, and conversely the higher a region gets colder regions. Therefore elevational big influence on the type and distribution of vegetation. Areas where the air temperature humid, wet tropical areas, more fertile plants from the area where the temperature is hot and dry.
e. Humans, animals and plants
Humans are able to change the environment to meet specific needs. For example, the forest area converted into agricultural areas, or housing estates with logging, reforestation, .Or fertilization. Humans can propagate plants from one place to another. In addition, humans are also able to affect the lives of animals in a place by protecting or hunting animals. This shows that the human factor influence on the life of flora and fauna in the world. In addition, animal factors also play a role in the spread of plant flora.
For example, insects in the pollination process, bats, birds, squirrels help in seed dispersal of plants. The role of herbs factor is to enrich the soil. Fertile soil allows it developed plant life and also affect the life of fauna. Examples of bacteria saprophit a micro plant species that help the destruction of garbage on the ground so it can menyuburkkan ground.
As well as other binding factor or factors driving zoogeography of them:
Factors Driving occurrence zoogeography
· Pressure Factors
The pressure can be caused by a dense population. The availability of abundant food and space (territorial) broad cause some organisms to migrate (move) to avoid competition, especially competition intraspesies.
· Factors Transportation
Transportation in the form of land, sea and air can be a means of a group of animals to occupy a new territory. For example, through the ship, groups of mice can move from one island to another.
· Factors Wildlife Trade
Sale and purchase of animals between islands or between continents is one of the causes of the spread of the animals in the world.
· Habitat Destruction Factor / Human Origin
Habitats / ecosystems of origin can be caused by natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, floods badang, angina whirlwind, etc.). With the destruction of habitat / ecosystem animal origin then forcing survivors to seek new habitats.
· Factors Availability of Food
The food is diminishing due to various reasons can push most of the population migrated to avoid famine.
· Factors Predator
Attack of the fierce predator populations can push the prey population to migrate away (fled).
· Factors Parasites
Parasites can cause some of the healthy population migrated away.
· Factors Disease
Malignant disease can cause outbreaks causing a healthy part of the population migrated to save themselves.
· Factors Competitors
Rival obtained from a population that is too strong competitors and become the dominant driver lost population migrated away.
· Climate Factors
Climate change periodically extreme encourage the population who are not able to adapt but it has a very high cruising to migrate to areas more suitable for life. For example, in areas that have 4 seasons, in winter, the nation migrating birds.
· Human Factors
Habitat exploitation by humans blindly as illegal logging can cause damage to the ecosystem of a population. That spurred the animals to come out of the woods as to township residents.
· Factors for Couples
In the breeding season, males who have ekstrus (lust) will go to the place / area contained a female animal to perform copulation (mating)
· Factors Bridge / Teruzan
Bridges between islands or intercontinental teruzan can be a means for animals to migrate primarily for terrestrial animals.
· Environmental Pollution Factors
Environmental pollution can be either water pollution, air, and soil. Pollution can cause environmental contamination dangerous to the survival of the animals in the area. Thus spurring the animals to look for a place that is not contaminated.
· Breeding High Potency Factor
Carrying capacity of the environment in the area of origin does not allow animals to breed optimally. To that end, the animals will look for a new place to breed optimally support.
· Factors in Space Place of Origin
Space / territorial area in the place of origin is the shrinking encourage the animals to seek a wider territorial area.
examples of morphological and genetic changes in plants and animals as a result of agricultural modernization
the use of chemical fertilizers in rice plants that could result in rice plants experiencing rapid growth and fruiting faster and produces a rich more than the rice using organic fertilizer but it also result to rice and ground it also cultivates the use of chemical fertilizers
Diversity of flora and fauna in the region can not be separated from the support conditions in the region. There are herbs that can only be grown in tropical areas, where a lot of rainfall and sunshine, and there can only be grown in the cold and damp. We certainly never saw Meranti or tropical orchids in cold areas in the tundra. Support the condition of a region of the existence of flora and fauna in the form of physical factors (biotic) and non-physical factors (biotic) .The including physical factors (abiotic) is the climate (temperature, humidity, wind), water, soil, and altitude, and that includes non-physical factors (biotic) are humans, animals, and plants.
a. climate
Climatic factors including the state of temperature, humidity and wind very large influence on the life of every creature in the world. Air temperature factors affect the ongoing process of physical growth of plants. Sunlight is necessary for green plants for photosynthesis. Air humidity influenced the physical growth of plants. While useful for wind pollination process. Climatic factors vary in a region causes and animal species also differ .. Plants in the tropics, many species, always lush and green throughout the year due to capitalize the high rainfall and ample sunshine.
b. ground
Soil contains many chemical elements necessary for the growth of flora in the world. Chemical levels affect the level of soil fertility. The state of the soil structure affect the circulation of air in the soil allowing the plant roots can breathe properly. The state of the soil texture effect on soil against water absorption. Soil temperature effect on root growth and water conditions in the soil.
The composition of the soil generally consists of inorganic mineral material (70% -90%), organic matter (1% -15%), air and water (0-9%). The things above shows how important soil factor for plant growth. The different types of soil lead to differences in the type and diversity of plants that can live in a region. For example in Nusa Tenggara forest types are Sabana because the soil infertile.
c. water
Water plays an important role for the growth of plants because it can dissolve and bring the necessary food for the plants from the soil. The presence of water depends on rainfall and rainfall is highly dependent on the climate in the area concerned. Species of flora in the region is very influential on the amount of rainfall in the region. Flora / fauna in areas that are less rainfall is less than tumbuhannya diversity of flora / fauna in the area are much rainfall.
d. The level of the earth's surface
Factors elevational generally seen from the height of the sea surface (elevation). For example, altitude 1500 m means the venue is located at 1500 m above sea level. The higher the temperature gets colder areas in the region. Vice versa when the lower mean air temperature in the hotter regions. Every rose 100 meters average air temperature dropped about 0.5 degrees Celsius. So the lower the hotter region of the area, and conversely the higher a region gets colder regions. Therefore elevational big influence on the type and distribution of vegetation. Areas where the air temperature humid, wet tropical areas, more fertile plants from the area where the temperature is hot and dry.
e. Humans, animals and plants
Humans are able to change the environment to meet specific needs. For example, the forest area converted into agricultural areas, or housing estates with logging, reforestation, .Or fertilization. Humans can propagate plants from one place to another. In addition, humans are also able to affect the lives of animals in a place by protecting or hunting animals. This shows that the human factor influence on the life of flora and fauna in the world. In addition, animal factors also play a role in the spread of plant flora.
For example, insects in the pollination process, bats, birds, squirrels help in seed dispersal of plants. The role of herbs factor is to enrich the soil. Fertile soil allows it developed plant life and also affect the life of fauna. Examples of bacteria saprophit a micro plant species that help the destruction of garbage on the ground so it can menyuburkkan ground.
As well as other binding factor or factors driving zoogeography of them:
Factors Driving occurrence zoogeography
· Pressure Factors
The pressure can be caused by a dense population. The availability of abundant food and space (territorial) broad cause some organisms to migrate (move) to avoid competition, especially competition intraspesies.
· Factors Transportation
Transportation in the form of land, sea and air can be a means of a group of animals to occupy a new territory. For example, through the ship, groups of mice can move from one island to another.
· Factors Wildlife Trade
Sale and purchase of animals between islands or between continents is one of the causes of the spread of the animals in the world.
· Habitat Destruction Factor / Human Origin
Habitats / ecosystems of origin can be caused by natural disasters (volcanic eruptions, floods badang, angina whirlwind, etc.). With the destruction of habitat / ecosystem animal origin then forcing survivors to seek new habitats.
· Factors Availability of Food
The food is diminishing due to various reasons can push most of the population migrated to avoid famine.
· Factors Predator
Attack of the fierce predator populations can push the prey population to migrate away (fled).
· Factors Parasites
Parasites can cause some of the healthy population migrated away.
· Factors Disease
Malignant disease can cause outbreaks causing a healthy part of the population migrated to save themselves.
· Factors Competitors
Rival obtained from a population that is too strong competitors and become the dominant driver lost population migrated away.
· Climate Factors
Climate change periodically extreme encourage the population who are not able to adapt but it has a very high cruising to migrate to areas more suitable for life. For example, in areas that have 4 seasons, in winter, the nation migrating birds.
· Human Factors
Habitat exploitation by humans blindly as illegal logging can cause damage to the ecosystem of a population. That spurred the animals to come out of the woods as to township residents.
· Factors for Couples
In the breeding season, males who have ekstrus (lust) will go to the place / area contained a female animal to perform copulation (mating)
· Factors Bridge / Teruzan
Bridges between islands or intercontinental teruzan can be a means for animals to migrate primarily for terrestrial animals.
· Environmental Pollution Factors
Environmental pollution can be either water pollution, air, and soil. Pollution can cause environmental contamination dangerous to the survival of the animals in the area. Thus spurring the animals to look for a place that is not contaminated.
· Breeding High Potency Factor
Carrying capacity of the environment in the area of origin does not allow animals to breed optimally. To that end, the animals will look for a new place to breed optimally support.
· Factors in Space Place of Origin
Space / territorial area in the place of origin is the shrinking encourage the animals to seek a wider territorial area.
examples of morphological and genetic changes in plants and animals as a result of agricultural modernization
the use of chemical fertilizers in rice plants that could result in rice plants experiencing rapid growth and fruiting faster and produces a rich more than the rice using organic fertilizer but it also result to rice and ground it also cultivates the use of chemical fertilizers